57 Lead Researcher jobs in Ireland

JOB SUMMARY / DESCRIPTION:

AnaBio Technologies is a global leader in micro encapsulation technology, which involves coating fragile bioactives in a protective coat at microscopic level enabling them to survive the stresses of processing, storage, and digestion. This unique technology makes it possible to deliver health benefits to consumers and patients in a sustainable way and address some of the most pressing global health concerns, like immunity, obesity, and diabetes. AnaBio's extensive IP portfolio is based on human clinical trials and encompasses more than15 patent families. AnaBio works with blue chip multinational food, beverage and health companies and offers contract research, technology licenses and commercial supply of microencapsulated ingredients. The position is based in AnaBio's state of the art Micro Encapsulation Centre of Excellence in Carrigtohill Co Cork

Role, Key Responsibilities Accountabilities and Duties

The purpose of this job is to perform analysis and produce accurate results to support our micro encapsulation technology platforms, in addition to delivering on client specific R&D research projects.

The role will include

• Performing routine and non-routine microbiological analysis
• Development and execution of Microbiology test methods in different applications
• Planning and conducting product application tests and preparing related reports and summaries for internal / external review
• Calculate processing losses and stability losses in formulation development to ensure compliance with customer target
• Revising SOPs and updating other documentation as required
• Contribute to continuous improvement of methods
• Ensuring at all times that all documentation and laboratory records are up to date and of an appropriate standard .

It is likely that additional duties and responsibilities will emerge and develop over time in line with the natural development of the growing company.

Work Environment

AnaBio Technologies Ltd, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork

Education & Experience:

• Bachelor's Degree or higher preferred; ideally in Microbiology or a closely related discipline.
• Experience in Research and Development is an industrial setting is an advantage
• Experience in probiotic science is an advantage

Person Specification

• Has core microbiology skills (aseptic technique, plate count enumeration)
• Good team player, organized, accurate, have strong documentation skills
• Flexible, adaptable to changing priorities
• Good communication skills both internally and externally
• Demonstrated ability to think critically and innovatively combined with willingness to challenge.
• Excellent technical writing skills and oral communication with the ability to work with cross functional teams with collaborative communication skills to engage with employees and clients at all levels.
• An understanding of the product development process is desirable.
• Ability to work independently to solve current problems/issues)
• Need to be flexible, confident, energetic and enthusiastic
• The ability to plan effectively, meet deadlines and work productively

The above statements are intended to describe the essential responsibilities of persons assigned to this role. They are not intended as exhaustive list of all duties, responsibilities and requirements

Job Types: Full-time, Permanent

Pay: €34,000.00-€50,000.00 per year

Benefits:

• Bike to work scheme
• Company events
• On-site parking
• Sick pay

Application question(s):

• I have a BSc/MSc/PhD in Analytical Science (Chemistry or Biochemistry) with relevant experience in analytical method development ?
• I am proficient in the use of multiple instrument platforms (e.g. HPLC, Electrophoresis, Spectrophotometry) ?

Education:

• PhD (preferred)

Work authorisation:

• Ireland (required)

Work Location: In person

Vertiv are a global provider of critical digital infrastructure and continuity solutions. Vertiv, Ireland is focused on solving the most important challenges facing today's data centers, communication networks and commercial and industrial facilities with a portfolio of power, cooling and IT infrastructure solutions.

We are seeking a dynamic R&D / Product Development Engineer to contribute to the innovation and enhancement of our busbar trunking product line. As an R&D / Product Development Engineer, you will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of our offerings in the industry. Your expertise will help drive the design, development, and support for the successful launch of new products, ensuring they meet market demands, industry standards, and customer needs.

The role will include frequent interaction with the Offering Management, Marketing, Sales teams and other internal departments.

RESPONSIBILITIES:

Define product specifications, features, and functionalities, while ensuring adherence to safety and regulatory standards.

Develop product designs in accordance to Product Standards (for example, IEC61439 & UL857).

3D modelling and 2D drafting of product designs.

Align with the culture of innovation within the product development team, that encourages creative thinking and idea generation.

Work closely with external suppliers and partners to source components and materials.

Adherence to the department's NPDI process and completion of relevant documentation.

Stay current with technological advancements and industry developments, applying relevant knowledge to enhance product offerings.

Build prototypes to support the development of product design.

Follow the Engineering change process for existing products.

Demonstrate Ethics and Integrity.

Product Risk Assessment through DFMEA (Design Failure Mode & Effects Analysis)

Organization of drawings and documentation for efficient reference.

Timely, accurate responses to requests for design information and drawings.

Other duties and responsibilities as assigned

QUALIFICATIONS / SKILLS:

Bachelor's degree in engineering/design technology or equivalent, combination of education & experience

Proficiency in 3D modelling using Creo, Solidworks or equivalent 3D design package

3D modeling, 2D drafting (first angle and Third angle projection), GD&T (Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing).

Proficiency in product lifecycle management (PLM) software, and other relevant software applications.

Strong organization skills, and ability to work & multitask in a fast-paced environment.

Time management Skills.

Excellent written & verbal communication, presentation, and interpersonal skills.

Must be action & detail-oriented with strong problem resolution, analysis, & decision-making skills.

Must be motivated and enthusiastic with the ability to interact seamlessly with other departments and be comfortable working independently or as part of a team.

EXPERIENCE REQUIRED:

3+ years of experience in Design within the manufacturing environment or directly related experience

Experience with power distribution applications and/or the data centre industry is advantageous.

Experience designing mild steel sheet welded assemblies, extruded/injection moulded plastic parts and assemblies.

Knowledge of DFM (Design for Manufacturing) DFA (Design for Assembly) DFE (Design for Environment).

Knowledge of Process flow, PFMEA, Control plan, Standard Operating Procedure preparation.

Proficiency with Microsoft Office suite. Smartsheet, and other business applications are desirable.

Demonstrated competence in communication and problem-solving.

Working at Freudenberg: "We will wow your world" This is our promise. As a global technology group, we not only make the world cleaner, healthier and more comfortable, but also offer our 52,000 employees a networked and diverse environment where everyone can thrive individually. Be surprised and experience your own wow moments.

At Freudenberg Medical, we make products that save and improve the lives of people every day, all around the world. We are a global provider for medical device design and manufacturing with more than 2,500 employees. Innovation is at the core of our company, and we are proud of our industry-leading quality, lean manufacturing, and focus on innovation in products and processing technologies. Freudenberg Medical is an exciting place to work with lots of opportunity to learn, develop, and grow your career. Come join us and together we can make a difference in the future of healthcare.

Some of your Benefits
Company Pension:
Save for retirement with the company's help.

Health Insurance:
Rely on comprehensive services whenever you need it.

Flexible Work Models:
We allow for flexible work models to ensure both professional and personal success.

International Opportunities:
Grow in your career through international exchange and global job opportunities.

Diversity & Inclusion:
We focus on providing an inclusive environment and recognize our diversity contributes to our success.

Carrick-on-Shannon, Co. Leitrim

Hybrid Work

VistaMed Ltd.

You support our team as

Research & Development Engineer
Responsibilities

• Create product and tooling drawings to support quotes, prototyping, and process development
• Develop and present product and process concepts, including prototypes
• Provide technical support to Sales and Marketing and assist in creating quotations
• Respond to customer enquiries with clear written and verbal communication
• Design and develop new products, materials, equipment, and processes from concept to design freeze
• Manage projects to meet timelines, cost targets, and technical deliverables
• Ensure full compliance with Quality, Regulatory, Health & Safety, and documentation requirements
• Transfer new products to manufacturing and support validations and staff training
• Drive continuous improvement using Lean tools (3P, 5S, DMAIC, Six Sigma)
• Mentor and support junior engineers and technical staff
• Collaborate with Production, Quality, and Technical teams as needed
• Support activities such as CAPAs, audits, and validations
• Ensure health, safety, environmental, and energy standards (ISO 45001, 14001, are integrated into design and development

Qualifications

• Bachelor's degree in Engineering or Science (Mechanical, Biomedical, Manufacturing, Automation, or related field)
• Experience with CAD systems (ideally Solid Edge)
• 2–3 years' experience in the medical device industry preferred
• Knowledge of extrusion-based catheter assemblies is an advantage
• Strong communication and interpersonal skills
• Self-motivated with the ability to manage multiple tasks in a fast-paced environment
• Proficient in Microsoft Office (Excel, PowerPoint, Word)
• Junior/Associate roles available for candidates with limited experience - support and co-signing provided

The Freudenberg Group is an equal opportunity employer that is committed to diversity and inclusion. Employment opportunities are available to all applicants and associates without regard to race, color, religion, creed, gender (including pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, or related medical conditions), gender identity or expression, national origin, ancestry, age, mental or physical disability, genetic information, marital status, familial status, sexual orientation, protected military or veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by applicable law.

The primary responsibility of this position is to support / lead on the design, development and taking to market of medical devices for Cook Medical.

Reporting to: Team Lead, Research and Development / Manager, Research and Development

Find out more about Cook Medical here

Responsibilities

• Perform Duties of Research & Development Engineer 2:

• Design development, prototyping, test method design, design evaluation , design reviews, design specifications, design verification and validation, design protocols and reports, transfer to production activities in a timely effective manner.

• Product testing and evaluation, completion of test reports to support design selection.
• Preparation and presentation of design reviews.
• Product risk analysis and risk management.
• Contribute towards process development during introduction /development of new equipment and production processes as required for any new manufacturing techniques.
• Source new materials components and equipment.
• Development of component specifications, inspection methods, bills of materials and manufacturing processes.

• Introduction of new equipment, materials and technologies.

• As required work closely with Key Opinion Leaders, physicians, product managers and team to develop innovative medical devices to improve patient care.

• Work closely with Project Lead and take responsibility for assigned research and development project tasks:

• Manage and drive assigned project tasks to ensure timely completion of project milestones.

• Work closely with cross functional groups to achieve project and company goals.
• Product performance evaluations.
• Contribute to innovation and creativity within team through filing of disclosures and patents.
• Hold regular project meetings and document minutes and actions.

• Ensure project milestones are achieved to meet business metrics.

• Communications:

• Regular communication to cross-functional teams and senior management.

• Project status communications and reporting.

• Remain on the forefront of emerging industry practices.

• Educating oneself in the medical area for which the new devices are being developed in order to have an appreciation for what needs to be achieved with these products.
• Support other cross functional groups to deliver company goals.
• Ensure that Cook's Code of Conduct is considered in all business matters carried out on Cook's behalf.

Qualifications

• Bachelor's degree is required, preferably in engineering or a related field.
• Minimum of 3 years' relevant experience is desired.
• Project planning/execution skills.
• Execution of project in a timely effective manner.
• Knowledge of anatomy and physiology.
• Good mechanical design and understanding of engineering fundamentals with medical device materials knowledge.
• Statistical understanding and experience.
• Manufacturing design and process understanding.
• Good working knowledge of Solidworks and/or Pro Engineer CAD.
• Strong technical writer.
• Knowledge of relevant ISO, EU, FDA medical device standards regulations is required.
• Willingness and availability to travel on company business.

Role Purpose:

• A fantastic opportunity now exists for a Research & Development Scientist to join our client's pharmaceutical site in Co. Waterford.
• The Scientist will participate in analytical and process development activities, writing protocols, data gathering, and analysis.
• The candidate will write protocols and reports.
• Candidate will analyse data and trends, correlations, response variables, DOE's etc. to better understand process interdependencies.
• They may also support process capability finalisation and process transfer to QC.
• The candidate will be interfacing with an internal cross functional team while working on these programs.

Core Duties and Responsibilities:

• Perform chemical analysis using instrumental methods to determine the composition of samples.
• To ensure the correct application of laboratory methods and standards to perform visual, physical and chemical assessment.
• Develop and assess in-process testing competencies for engineering associates.
• Develop and validate laboratory test methods or equipment including maintenance of equipment and instrumentation.
• Develop or validate laboratory test methods or equipment to ensure reliability and accuracy of analytical results.
• Design, develop, conduct and/or review experiments to deliver new products; evaluate ingredient, or product safety.
• Conduct and support new product / method validations.
• Conduct and support new raw material method verifications.
• Identify through the validation process and through in process monitoring and trending, opportunities for process/productivity improvement and optimisation.
• Support new manufacturing processes and technologies.
• Support existing manufacturing processes, quality improvements and cost reductions.
• Ensure product quality and all tasks are in accordance with established SOPs, GMPs, Divisional Specifications, and EHS standards.
• Train junior personnel if required in analytical techniques.
• Develop, design and train manufacturing personnel in required operations.
• Work collaboratively with others to accomplish goals
• Support the Company Programmes and culture within the Company.
• Safeguard and protect all Company information and property.

Education & Qualifications Required:

• Education: Level 8 degree in a scientific discipline with Chemistry as a major component.
• Experience: 1-5 years in laboratory experience in a high-volume manufacturing environment; Analytical Process / Product Development, and / or Quality Engineering setting.
• Hands-on experience and technical experience in a scientific or development environment a must. ISO-9000, GMP, medical device manufacturing experience a plus. Statistical analysis required within a development or manufacturing setting. Experience with high volume and / or high precision manufacturing a plus.
• Proficiency in chemical and instrumental analysis.
• Competent in chromatographic techniques for quantitative and qualitative analyses.
• Preferred knowledge of Organic and Polymer Chemistry.
• Special Skills: Computer Literacy with skills in Microsoft Excel, Word, PowerPoint, plus MiniTab, JMP (or equivalent software). Operational knowledge of statistical techniques.
• Communication, Organisation, Report Writing, and Presentation skills desirable.
• Must be able to develop working relationships with various internal core competencies and work as a team member.
• Good negotiation and influencing skills.
• Problem solving skills.

In this role the
Researcher of Preclinical (Toxicology and biocompatibility)
will apply expertise in toxicology and medical device biocompatibility testing including development of toxicity study design and biocompatibility testing design for drug/drug packaging system/medical device development, monitoring the studies, and development of toxicological risk assessments.

The successful candidate will have hands-on experience in hazard evaluation of chemicals used in manufacturing. You will participate in preparing reports for external regulatory bodies in accordance with ICH and ISO10993 to assure product (patient) safety and efficacy through the application of current pre-clinical science, non-clinical safety assessment, and toxicological principles and methods. These will be used to enable and support new product development (NPD), sustaining product organization (SPO) and margin improvement projects (MIP) and associated product development lifecycle management (PDLM) processes and initiatives. The role will report to Director of Preclinical (Biocompatibility and Toxicology) and will be part of a global team responsible drugs and devices for Peritoneal dialysis, Hemodialysis, and Acute therapies (~$5B product portfolio with global reach in more than 100 countries).

Duties and Responsibilities:

• Designing, planning, monitor various GLP toxicity studies, biocompatibility studies, and qualification of impurities with some supervisions from direct manager and senior members of the organization
• As sponsor representative and subject matter expert (SME) of biocompatibility collaborate with external testing facilities to complete biocompatibility testing
• Participate as preclinical/toxicology representative and contribute in core technical team meetings as SME and provide inputs and lead task to be executed for completion of projects with effective collaboration and deliverables
• Participate in change control management and impact assessment. Propose options, work closely with stakeholders and develop action plan for problem-solving, product and process improvement
• Maintain current knowledge of relevant regulatory requirements related to toxicology, product development, design and safety
• Execute tasks within budget at the project level to ensure the best utilization of financial resources

Qualifications:

• Relevant knowledge of ISO 10993 and ICH Q3 M7 guidelines required
• Experience in OECD and FDA Good Laboratory Practice
• Shown technical writing ability and oral presentation to enable clear communication of study results, safety evaluations, and toxicology assessment conclusions
• Ability to work independently and prioritize assignments to meet project schedules
• Can effectively collaborate in a global team, including ability to work with individuals of diverse scientific and cultural backgrounds across multiple business units as well as with external partners/CROs

Education and/or Experience:

• Degree in toxicology, pharmacology, chemistry or other related scientific field, with the following minimum previous experience working in the pharmaceutical/medical device industry in GLP/GMP environments:
• MS degree with 6 years or more of relevant experience
• PhD with 3 years or more of relevant experience
• Proven experience with the conduct and execution of GLP nonclinical safety (toxicology) and toxicological risk assessment on Extractable & Leachable is highly preferred
• Experience with safety and biocompatibility evaluation of medical devices and related regulatory guidance (USP, ISOA 10993, EU MDR, etc)

What Vantive can offer to you:

• A permanent contract with a stable and secure work environment
• A comprehensive benefits package, including private medical insurance, company pension scheme, and annual bonus scheme
• A collaborative and dynamic work environment
• Access to state-of-the-art equipment and technology
• Recognition and reward for outstanding performance

Role Overview

Job Title: Head of Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I)

Start Date: September 2025,

Salary: €60k-70k DOE | Plus Work Phone and Laptop | Business Expenses | Company pension with employer contribution | Engineers Ireland CPD certification

Location: The beautiful grounds of St Kieran's College in the vibrant city of Kilkenny. Working from home, at agreed times will be considered

Contract Type: This is a two-year fixed-term contract, with a strong possibility of extension subject to satisfactory performance and the strategic development of the RD&I function within the organisation.

Working Hours: Full time – Mon to Friday. 37.5hr/ week standard contract

Person Specification

SEEA is working with various stakeholders in the domestic, public, private & community sectors to provide independent brokering, technical support and advice.

The South East Energy Agency seeks an experienced and dynamic leader to spearhead its R&D & Innovation initiatives. The Head of RD&I will lead a multidisciplinary team working on applied research, knowledge transfer, and pilot projects across regional, national, and international partnerships. The primary goal is to facilitate the transition of Ireland's South East region into a more efficient, low-carbon, and sustainable rural energy landscape by leveraging cutting-edge technological advancements and best practices.

Role Overview

Strategic Leadership: Develop and implement a comprehensive R&D & Innovation strategy aligned with regional energy transition goals and national climate targets.

Project Management & Delivery: Lead, coordinate, and oversee applied research projects, pilot initiatives, and knowledge transfer activities with regional, national, and international partners.

Partnership Development: Build and maintain collaborative relationships with universities, research institutions, industry stakeholders, government agencies, and international bodies.

Funding & Grants: Identify funding opportunities, lead proposal development, and manage budgets for R&D projects, ensuring compliance and optimal resource utilization.

Technical Expertise: Stay abreast of emerging technologies, policy developments, and best practices related to clean energy, smart grids, rural electrification, and low-carbon solutions.

Knowledge Transfer & Capacity Building: Facilitate dissemination of research outcomes through workshops, publications, and training programs to promote regional adoption of innovative solutions.

Monitoring & Reporting: Establish KPIs, monitor project progress, and prepare reports for stakeholders, funders, and policy-makers.

Quality and Compliance

· Adhere to the company's Quality Management System requirements, including performing work according to process documents, procedures, and maintaining necessary records

· Understand and apply quality and environmental policy statements in all aspects of work

· Ensure that the needs and requirements of the company's customers are understood and delivered

· Enhance the company's internal processes and management system by reporting corrective actions, updates, and improvement ideas

· Continuous improvement on advancements in retrofit materials, methods, and regulations.

Additional Responsibilities

· Perform additional duties as assigned by the CEO depending on the organisation's workload

· Contribute to achieving the company's objectives

The Ideal Candidate

Qualification and Experience

· Advanced degree (Masters or PhD) in Engineering, Renewable Energy, Environmental Science, or a related field.

· Proven experience (minimum 8 years) in leading applied research, innovation projects, or R&D teams within the energy or environmental sectors.

· Demonstrable success in managing multi-partner projects, especially those involving regional, national, and international collaborations.

· Experience in securing and managing public and private sector funding, grants, and partnerships.

· Knowledge of European and Irish energy policies, funding mechanisms, and regulatory frameworks.

· Availability to travel regionally, nationally, and internationally.

· Specific knowledge of the Irish regulatory environment is preferred

Skills & Competencies:

· Strong leadership and team management skills.

· Excellent strategic planning and project management capabilities.

· Exceptional communication and stakeholder engagement skills.

· Technical expertise in low-carbon energy technologies, smart grids, energy efficiency, and rural energy solutions.

· Ability to translate research into practical, scalable solutions for regional deployment.

· Fluency in English; additional European languages are advantageous.

Personal Attributes:

· Innovative thinker with a proactive approach.

· Passionate about sustainable development and regional energy transition.

· Collaborative team player with excellent interpersonal skills.

· Results-oriented with a focus on delivering impactful outcomes.

How to Apply?

Please complete the Application Form available on and return to Joanne Brennan at with a subject line 'Head of Research Development and Innovation" telling us more about yourself, your experience/ambitions. Please also indicate your earliest available starting date

NOTE. If you do not wish that we contact current or past employers, please state so and explain the reasons in your letter of motivation. All applications will be treated confidentially and by respecting the privacy of the candidate. Applications that do not meet the deadline will be excluded.

South East Energy Agency is an equal opportunities employer. *Note: your CV may be attached but will not substitute for a completed South East Energy Agency Application Form.

Job Type: Fixed term

Contract length: 24 months

Pay: €0,000.00- ,000.00 per year

Benefits:

• Company pension
• Employee assistance program
• On-site parking
• Work from home

Experience:

• Leading research, innovation projects within energy sector: 8 years (required)

Work authorisation:

• Ireland (required)

Work Location: In person

Application deadline: 30/09/2025

RDA Graduate
Start date: September 2026
You will be based in one of the following locations:

• Naas (Ireland)
• Mozzo (Italy)
• Portbury (UK)
• Leipzig (Germany)

Contract: full time; permanent
Join Kerry and Shape the Future of Sustainable Nutrition
At Kerry, we're tackling one of humanity's greatest challenges: delivering sustainable nutrition to over 2 billion people while protecting our planet. It's a monumental task, and we need ambitious graduates bursting with innovative solutions to real-world problems. If you're an agile, collaborative team player, we offer a career where you can make a real difference and help secure our future.

Do you have what it takes to deliver sustainable nutrition to over 2 billion people? Rise to the challenge with one of our Graduate Programs.

This permanent, full-time role begins with a structured 2-year programme that includes rotational placements across different teams and locations. From day one, you'll be immersed in real-world challenges, supported by a global network of graduates, and empowered to make meaningful contributions. With structured learning, cross-functional exposure, and opportunities to relocate across Europe, the programme is designed to give you the skills, confidence, and experience to thrive in your career.

Our Research, Development & Application (RD&A) Program
Our global RD&A team of 1,000+ food scientists and local manufacturing facilities with a footprint in 31 countries enable us to co-create great tasting products, with improved nutrition and functionality, while ensuring better impact for the planet.

You'll be at the front of Customer innovation helping our business and sustain growth. We innovate with a uniquely structured approach to designing products, services, and experiences that positively and profitably influence behaviour.

You'll be supported and mentored every step of the way by experts, working on real projects that allow you to apply your learning and start your journey towards becoming a leading food technologist.

What You Might Be Doing
As part of the RD&A Graduate Program, you'll be immersed in real-world innovation projects that span the full product lifecycle—from concept to commercialization. Depending on the team you join, your responsibilities may include:

• Collaborating directly with customers to understand their needs and co-develop tailored solutions that deliver great taste, nutrition, and functionality.
• Designing and executing bench-scale and pilot-scale trials to develop new products or improve existing ones, ensuring alignment with customer declarations and commercial targets.
• Applying scientific principles to enhance product performance beyond taste—focusing on nutrition, sustainability, and functionality.
• Leading or contributing to end-to-end project management across applied research, technology development, and innovation pipelines.
• Exploring advanced research areas such as sensory science, flavour creation, fermentation, and nutritional science, with opportunities to pioneer new approaches.
• Participating in internal and external customer requests, supporting projects from early-stage concepting through to troubleshooting and scale-up.
• Ensuring technical documentation and formulation accuracy to support successful product development and manufacturing readiness.
• Engaging with cross-functional teams to ensure product solutions are viable across regional and global markets.
• Supporting customer visits and technical presentations, contributing to Kerry's reputation for scientific excellence and customer partnership.
• Maintaining a strong understanding of Kerry's ingredient portfolio and its application across diverse end-use markets including Food, Meat, Beverage, Supplements, and Pet Food.

Do you have what it takes?

• You're on track for 2.1 degree or equivalent in Chemistry, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Data Science, Biology, Data Analysis or similar
• You're ambitious, curious, and can't wait to put your talents into action.
• You're open minded, agile, and willing to embrace opportunities.
• You're a recent or soon-to-be graduate.
• You're fluent in English and ideally another language.
• You're eligible to permanently work in the location you're applying to*
• You're open to traveling and relocating.
• Kerry Graduates must have permanent Right to Work in Europe or UK (for UK based roles) and be willing to relocate to other European countries during the program.

Submit your application only for the program of your interest. Any multiple applications will be withdrawn.